The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes Essay Example

The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes Paper Marlene B. Escamillan 4E1 The effect of transgression charge on the consumer’s interest for cigarettes Introduction The raise in charge is one of the most significant checks to diminish the use of a decent. Simply equivalent to different duties, a wrongdoing charge is energized to lift continues for government uses. Not quite the same as different assessments, a wrongdoing charge is regularly forced with a goal of decreasing the public’s utilization of a decent. Then again, when you articulate about burdening stogies and mixed refreshments, utilization rise to be capricious particularly to the mass. The policymakers’ fundamental concern is that an expansion in stogies and mixed drinks charges could inconsistently affect the oppressed (Jose Julian Escario, Jose Alberto Molina, 2004). Escario, et al. additionally found that the expansion in the real worth of tax assessment on cigarettesâ has had slight impact on demandâ from smokers for the explanation that request has been inelastic. Be that as it may, there are signs that a tipping point may have been reached. Sin charges are likewise the best method to impact immature individuals to avoid smoking. Then again, an expansion in the cost on cigarettesâ has had slight impact on demandâ from smokers since request has been inelastic. In this manner, what truly is the versatility of the interest for cigarettes to the mass? The motivation behind this paper is to animate the effect of transgression charge on the utilization of cigarettes of customary smokers. Perspective From a monetary point of view, the specialist thinks that its progressively reasonable to devour the standard cigarette due to the fulfillment it respects the shoppers. It is additionally proficient for the cultural prosperity of the nation on the grounds that the duty charged will in any case be come back to us in the long run. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Also, based from the investigation, the analyst would prefer to use the standard great at a lesser interest rate as opposed to subbing the positive qualities considering the way that subbing the great would not be as fulfilling from what you have been utilized to smoke. On the off chance that the burdening of cigarettes will be incorporated, there is a possibility for smokers to trim down their utilization. Strategy 50 overviews were scattered arbitrarily to assemble the information required at costs, and interest for cigarettes. The review was created by the scientist. The costs of the standard brand, the substitute brand, and the interest for cigarettes were completely replied as a probit model. The cost of the standard cigarette brand, and amount requested of the substitute cigarette brand are the logical factors, while interest for the standard cigarettes is the exogenous variable. Stipend was utilized to decide on which salary bunch the understudy has a place with. Costs were differed through its expansion because of duty actualized. In the interim, the interest for cigarettes was checked by the amount devoured by the purchasers. Condition 1: QDstandard = [pic] + [pic] Pstandard + [pic]QDsub + e The relapse model is made known previously. QDstandard represents the amount requested for the standard cigarette brand; Pstandard relates to the cost of the standard cigarette brand with charge actualized; QdSub encapsulates the amount requested of the substitute great which is reasonable than the other great. Results Regression aftereffects of QDstandard on Pstandard, and QDsub |Dependent Variable: QDstandard | |Included perceptions: 50 | |Variable |Coefficient |Std. Mistake |t-Statistic |Prob. | |C |13. 66452 |0. 595734 |22. 93727 |0. 0000 | |Pstandard |-0. 176294 |0. 066267 |2. 660363 |0. 0145 | |QdSub |-0. 126506 |0. 043445 |-2. 911854 |0. 0086 | |R-squared |0. 905023 | Mean ward var |14. 2297 | |Adjusted R-squared |0. 893151 | S. D. subordinate var |0. 265487 | |S. E. of relapse |0. 086782 | Akaike data standard |-1. 919279 | |Sum squared resid |0. 180745 | Schwarz basis |-1. 728964 | |Log probability |30. 86991 | F-measurement |76. 23089 | |Durbin-Watson detail |1. 193801 | Prob(F-measurement) |0. 000000 | Relapsing costs of standard cigarette brand with charge executed (Pstandard), and amount requested the of substitute great (QdSUB) shows every single logical variable are factually noteworthy at 95% certainty level. On the off chance that the cost of the standard great increments by 1 unit, at that point amount requested for the standard cigarette great abatements by 1. 76 The outcomes clarifies that if sin charge is executed, the interest for cigarettes in the white collar class will diminish. Besides, if the amount requested of the substitute great increments by 1 unit, the amount requested of the standard great declines by 1. 27. In light of the study, white collar class purchasers will in any case purchase their standard cigarette regardless of whether the cost increments, while not as much as they used to when the cost was lower. Never the less, low-white collar class respondents would find an elective decent if the cost of their standard cooperative attitude increment. At the point when replacement happens the expense transforms into a bending. To beneficial demonstrate the investigation, the chart beneath gives a thought regarding the impacts if charge is executed. In chart 1, point U1 shows that the individuals who offer significance to the standard great more, through the fulfillment they have for their item, have a more extreme interest bend (D1). For this situation, a cost increment won’t contort their utilization for the standard great. Albeit steadfast consumers’ amount requested will diminish, they will at present compensation out a similar measure of cash just accepting less measure of that item. Moreover, point U2 shows the individuals who will be progressively fulfilled of the substitute which is reasonable than the standard great. Replacement impact happens in point U2. Chart 1 Moreover, to additionally give proof to the investigation of the study in regards to consumers’ request on standard cigarettes, D1 plainly uncovers how purchasers react with charge added to the genuine cost. Indeed, even with the expansion in value, customers won't be influenced that much for the explanation that of the inelasticity of its interest bend. In this circumstance, makers outperform the whole taxation rate to the shoppers. In any case, D2 shows the investigation of buyers who might locate a substitute decent if charge is actualized. As delineated, D2 is less steep contrasted and D1 which implies that those shoppers who have an interest bend as of D2 will be exceptionally influenced if cost increments. At the point when customers have an interest bend as d2, they are bound to keep away from burden and go for the substitute great which makes twisting in the economy. End From the examination led, results unmistakably show that as cost of cigarette expands, the amount requested differ contingent upon the sort of shopper. On one hand, if the buyer has a place with the white collar class, they are bound to devour the standard brand of cigarette paying little mind to the cost increment yet with a lesser measure of amount. Then again, if the purchaser is rice flexible, the shopper will more probable expend the substitute great. The interest flexibility for stogies plainly relies upon the kind of customers. Source: www. econpapers. repec. organization http://tutor2u. net/financial matters/update notes/as-business sectors value flexibility of-interest. html http://www. tobaccoinabgnustralia. organization. au/13-1-value flexibility of-interest for-tobacco-produc Modeling the ideal financial strategy on tobacco utilization: by Julian Escario, Jose Alberto Molina 2004. Diary of Policy Modeling Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 81-93 Price U2 U1 D2 D1 Quantity

Angels Demons Chapter 39-41

39 The Apostolic Palace is a mixture of structures situated close to the Sistine Chapel in the upper east corner of Vatican City. With a telling perspective on St. Dwindle's Square, the royal residence houses both the Papal Apartments and the Office of the Pope. Vittoria and Langdon followed peacefully as Commander Olivetti drove them down a long extravagant hallway, the muscles in his neck beating with rage. In the wake of climbing three arrangements of steps, they entered a wide, faintly lit corridor. Langdon couldn't accept the fine art on the dividers †mint-condition busts, embroidered works of art, friezes †works worth countless dollars. 66% of the route a few doors down they passed an alabaster wellspring. Olivetti took a left into a nook and walked to probably the biggest entryway Langdon had ever observed. â€Å"Ufficio di Papa,† the administrator proclaimed, giving Vittoria a caustic glare. Vittoria didn't wince. She came to over Olivetti and thumped boisterously on the entryway. Office of the Pope, Langdon thought, experiencing issues understanding that he was remaining outside one of the most consecrated rooms in all of world religion. â€Å"Avanti!† somebody called from inside. At the point when the entryway opened, Langdon needed to shield his eyes. The daylight was blinding. Gradually, the picture before him came into center. The Office of the Pope appeared to be to a greater extent a dance hall than an office. Red marble floors spread out every which way to dividers embellished with striking frescoes. A monster light fixture hung overhead, past which a bank of angled windows offered a staggering scene of the sun-soaked St. Diminish's Square. My God, Langdon thought. This is a stay with a view. At the most distant finish of the lobby, at a cut work area, a man sat composing irately. â€Å"Avanti,† he got out once more, setting down his pen and waving them over. Olivetti drove the way, his walk military. â€Å"Signore,† he said remorsefully. â€Å"No ho potuto †â€Å" The man cut him off. He stood and considered his two guests. The camerlegno was not at all like the pictures of fragile, rapturous elderly people men Langdon typically envisioned wandering the Vatican. He wore no rosary dabs or pendants. No overwhelming robes. He was dressed rather in a straightforward dark cassock that appeared to intensify the strength of his significant casing. He seemed to be in his late-thirties, in fact a youngster by Vatican gauges. He had a shockingly attractive face, a twirl of coarse earthy colored hair, and practically brilliant green eyes that shone as though they were by one way or another filled by the puzzles of the universe. As the man moved closer, however, Langdon recognized clearly a significant fatigue †like a spirit who had experienced the hardest fifteen days of his life. â€Å"I am Carlo Ventresca,† he stated, his English great. â€Å"The late Pope's camerlegno.† His voice was honest and kind, with just the smallest trace of Italian articulation. â€Å"Vittoria Vetra,† she stated, venturing forward and offering her hand. â€Å"Thank you for seeing us.† Olivetti jerked as the camerlegno shook Vittoria's hand. â€Å"This is Robert Langdon,† Vittoria said. â€Å"A strict student of history from Harvard University.† â€Å"Padre,† Langdon stated, in his best Italian articulation. He bowed his head as he expanded his hand. â€Å"No, no,† the camerlegno demanded, lifting Langdon back up. â€Å"His Holiness' office doesn't make me blessed. I am only a cleric †a chamberlain serving in a period of need.† Langdon stood upstanding. â€Å"Please,† the camerlegno stated, â€Å"everyone sit.† He masterminded a few seats around his work area. Langdon and Vittoria sat. Olivetti evidently wanted to stand. The camerlegno situated himself at the work area, collapsed his hands, moaned, and looked at his guests. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti said. â€Å"The lady's clothing is my issue. I †â€Å" â€Å"Her clothing isn't what concerns me,† the camerlegno answered, sounding too depleted to be in any way disturbed. â€Å"When the Vatican administrator considers me a half hour before I start meeting to disclose to me a lady is calling from your private office to caution me of a significant security danger of which I have not been educated, that worries me.† Olivetti stood unbending, his back curved like a trooper under extreme review. Langdon felt entranced by the camerlegno's essence. Youthful and wearied as he seemed to be, the minister had the demeanor of some legendary saint †transmitting moxy and authority. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti stated, his tone sorry yet at the same time unwavering. â€Å"You ought not worry about issues of security. You have other responsibilities.† â€Å"I am very much aware of my different duties. I am likewise mindful that as direttore intermediario, I have an obligation regarding the security and prosperity of everybody at this conference. What is happening here?† â€Å"I have the circumstance under control.† â€Å"Apparently not.† â€Å"Father,† Langdon interfered with, taking out the folded fax and giving it to the camerlegno, â€Å"please.† Officer Olivetti ventured forward, attempting to mediate. â€Å"Father, kindly don't inconvenience your considerations with †â€Å" The camerlegno took the fax, disregarding Olivetti for a long second. He took a gander at the picture of the killed Leonardo Vetra and drew a surprised breath. â€Å"What is this?† â€Å"That is my father,† Vittoria stated, her voice faltering. â€Å"He was a cleric and a man of science. He was killed last night.† The camerlegno's face mellowed in a split second. He gazed toward her. â€Å"My dear youngster. I'm so sorry.† He crossed himself and took a gander at the fax, his eyes appearing to pool with floods of hatred. â€Å"Who would†¦ and this consume on his†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The camerlegno stopped, squinting nearer at the picture. â€Å"It says Illuminati,† Langdon said. â€Å"No question you know about the name.† An odd look went over the camerlegno's face. â€Å"I have heard the name, indeed, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The Illuminati killed Leonardo Vetra so they could take another innovation he was †â€Å" â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti added. â€Å"This is ridiculous. The Illuminati? This is plainly a type of expound hoax.† The camerlegno appeared to consider Olivetti's words. At that point he turned and thought about Langdon so completely that Langdon felt the air leave his lungs. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, I have gone through my time on earth in the Catholic Church. I know about the Illuminati lore†¦ and the legend of the brandings. But then I should caution you, I am a man of the current state. Christianity has enough genuine adversaries without restoring ghosts.† â€Å"The image is authentic,† Langdon stated, excessively protectively he thought. He came to over and pivoted the fax for the camerlegno. The camerlegno fell quiet when he saw the balance. â€Å"Even current computers,† Langdon included, â€Å"have been not able to produce an even ambigram of this word.† The camerlegno collapsed his hands and said nothing for quite a while. â€Å"The Illuminati are dead,† he at last said. â€Å"Long prior. That is authentic fact.† Langdon gestured. â€Å"Yesterday, I would have concurred with you.† â€Å"Yesterday?† â€Å"Before the present chain of occasions. I accept the Illuminati have reemerged to follow through on an antiquated pact.† â€Å"Forgive me. My history is corroded. What antiquated agreement is this?† Langdon took a full breath. â€Å"The annihilation of Vatican City.† â€Å"Destroy Vatican City?† The camerlegno looked less scared than befuddled. â€Å"But that would be impossible.† Vittoria shook her head. â€Å"I'm apprehensive we have some increasingly awful news.† 40 â€Å"Is this true?† the camerlegno requested, looking flabbergasted as he abandoned Vittoria to Olivetti. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti guaranteed, â€Å"I'll concede there is a type of gadget here. It is noticeable on one of our security screens, yet concerning Ms. Vetra's cases with regards to the intensity of this substance, I can't in any way, shape or form †â€Å" â€Å"Wait a minute,† the camerlegno said. â€Å"You can see this thing?† â€Å"Yes, signore. On remote camera #86.† â€Å"Then for what reason haven't you recuperated it?† The camerlegno's voice resounded outrage now. â€Å"Very troublesome, signore.† Olivetti stood straight as he clarified the circumstance. The camerlegno tuned in, and Vittoria detected his developing concern. â€Å"Are you certain it is inside Vatican City?† the camerlegno inquired. â€Å"Maybe somebody took the camera out and is transmitting from some place else.† â€Å"Impossible,† Olivetti said. â€Å"Our outer dividers are protected electronically to ensure our interior interchanges. This sign must be originating from within or we would not be getting it.† â€Å"And I assume,† he stated, â€Å"that you are currently searching for this missing camera with all accessible resources?† Olivetti shook his head. â€Å"No, signore. Finding that camera could take several worker hours. We have various other security worries right now, and with all due regard to Ms. Vetra, this bead she discusses is extremely little. It couldn't in any way, shape or form be as hazardous as she claims.† Vittoria's understanding vanished. â€Å"That bead is sufficient to level Vatican City! Did you by any chance tune in to a word I told you?† â€Å"Ma'am,† Olivetti stated, his voice like steel, â€Å"my involvement in explosives is extensive.† â€Å"Your experience is obsolete,† she terminated back, similarly intense. â€Å"Despite my clothing, which I understand you find irksome, I am a senior level physicist at the world's most developed subatomic research office. I for one structured the antimatter trap that is shielding that example from destroying at this moment. Also, I am

Selecting International Business Essay Topics

Selecting International Business Essay TopicsInternational business essay topics are important to consider when writing a business essay. Your topic for the essay should represent what you have to say about your project, so you can be sure that the reader of your essay has known everything that you would like them to know.The title of your essay is also an important consideration in your topic selection. You want to include your name, the name of your company, and whatever other information you feel is relevant to the topic. When it comes to essay topics for an international business project, it is always best to choose topics that will make you unique among your peers.For example, if you are writing about your first business venture in a foreign country, you might want to choose something very different from something that is relevant to what you had to say about your business. It may be best to select a topic that will be of interest to your target audience. Instead of writing abou t your passion for ice cream, you may want to write about your passion for wine. You can then talk about how this passion for wine is what led you to a successful business venture.International business essay topics must focus on a particular group of people. Because of this, you need to think about who you want to write the essay for. Who is it that you want to relate your story to?It is always best to choose topics that are related to you personally. If you are an engineer, you should write about your experience as an engineer. If you are a writer, you should probably write about your personal experiences as a writer.The choice of the topic for your essay is also an important consideration. You do not want to submit an essay that is over-generalized and does not show you as the business person that you are. If you choose to include the facts about your project, write a brief description that includes just what the reader needs to know. You can include just a few key points or you can go into more detail than that.Many times the readers of the essay will have a relationship with the organization they are reviewing. If you cannot pinpoint exactly what the readers relationship is with the organization, you should choose something that shows the readers that they can relate to you. Perhaps a humorous article can show that they can relate to you. If it is a political issue, a reference to the problem might be appropriate.While selecting international business essay topics is not an easy task, it is not impossible. Just remember that the subject matter must be well researched and must be able to stand alone on its own. The choice of the topic is the most important of all, because it is the basis for every sentence you write.

What is a Cupola Definition and How Cupolas Are Used

Magical Realism in Context Analysis of A Very Old Man...

Magical Realism in Context: Analysis of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings From the beginning of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, the ordinary begins to confront the extraordinary. This short story by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, one of the most famous Latin American authors, was introduced to the world in 1955. By examining the magical and realistic elements of this short story, the theoretical term given to an emerging art form of the mid- twentieth century can be applied to a work of literature. Marquez does not waste time ushering in the magical elements of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. The main character of the story, Pelayo, was coming back to his house after throwing away many crabs that had come into†¦show more content†¦All she needed was one look to show him his mistake-the old man was an angel, she thought (Marquez 525). Many other unreal or magical events occur throughout Marquezs short story. One amusing instance occurred when the citizens were making conjectures about the old mans future. One suggested that he should be named mayor of the world-clearly an extraordinary idea! Others thought he could implant on Earth a race of winged wise men to take charge of the universe (Marquez 526). Another hilarious instance occurred when a citizen tried to make the old man eat mothballs. Mothballs, according to the wisdom of a wise neighborhood woman, were the food prescribed for angels (Marquez 527). Although many magical elements exist throughout A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, these unreal occurrences are balanced with realistic elements. Even though the old man had wings, he was otherwise quite normal. The parish priest commented that he was much too human, much too dirty and weathered to be measured up to the proud dignity of the angels (Marquez 527). The surrounding characters act in a normal manner. Pelayos wife, Elisenda, seeks to capitalize on the angel in their chicken coop, charging five cents admission to see him (Marquez 526). With this money they later built a mansion (Marquez 528). Unlike many fantastic works where money or value of property is considered to be much too worldly and greedy, this short story contains elements of theShow MoreRelatedMagical Realism As A Sense Of Psychological Mystery And Wonder3415 Words   |  14 PagesMagical realism, at its very root, has always involved a sense of psychological mystery and wonder; partly due to its intended audience, which may range from mere children to adults seeking a sense of spirituality or morality through verbatim. Psychology involves in particular the study of cognitive occurrences and processes. Magical realism can broadly be defined as a typically mundane novel injected with â€Å"the other,† which is something extraordinary or unbelievable. 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To maintain business growth and a sustained economy, it is essential for managers to understand and find solutions for these and other fundamental wide-ranging issues. The bursting of the high-tech bubble both in many start-up companies andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages8 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 Motivating by Job Design: The Job Characteristics Model 240 The Job Characteristics Model 240 †¢ How Can Jobs Be Redesigned? 242 †¢ Alternative Work Arrangements 245 †¢ The Social and Physical Context of Work 249 Employee Involvement 250 Examples of Employee Involvement Programs 251 †¢ Linking Employee Involvement Programs and Motivation Theories 252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay:

Essay Greek Theater - 1157 Words

Ancient Greek Theater is the first historical record of â€Å"drama,† which is the Greek term meaning â€Å"to do† or â€Å"to act.† Beginning in the 5th century BC, Greek Theater developed into an art that is still used today. During the golden age of the Athenians plays were created, plays that are considered among the greatest works of world drama. Today there are thousands of well-known plays and films based on the re-make of ancient drama. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theater originated from the religious rites of ancient Greek tribes. Located in northern Greece, a cult was formed to worship the God of wine and fertility, Dionysus. The cult held religious celebrations which included large consumptions of alcohol, animal sacrifices, and sometimes†¦show more content†¦The government chose wealthy patrons who financed the plays and the competitors who performed in them. During this time period, providing for the productions meant tax exemption for the individual and his family that year. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Once plays started being written, the number of interested spectators increased. In order to satisfy the Greeks amphitheaters were constructed all over Greece. Three well-known theaters were the theater at Delphi, the Attic Theater and the theater of Dionysus built at the foot of the Acropolis in Athens. During their prime time, the plays attracted crowds of 30,000 and more. The stands were built around the orchestra and up hillsides; somewhat like a baseball stadium today. This made it possible to seat more than 17,000 spectators at a time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Dionysian Festivals lasted for several days along with the drama competitions. The performances were always done during the day and the drinking at night! Little or no makeup was worn by the actors, instead they wore masks with exaggerated facial expressions. 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Its raised status highlights its importance, thus radiating that importance onto nearby structures as well. Although the Greeks valued rational and reason, they also valued their emotional sideRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Theater: the Forerunner to Modern Theatre1211 Words   |  5 Pagesto enjoy a play in a theater. Theatre and plays go back as far as â€Å"B.C.† times. Theater has been a means of art and entertainment for thousands of years dating back to the fifth century B.C. The beginning marked with the ancient Greek theaters. Over the vast years of cultural and technological evolution many things have changed. Just the same, many things have remained unscathed. In comparing and contrasting different aspects such as theater writing, technology, and theater costumes, we will become

Gangsta Rap Crime Essay Research Paper Gangsta free essay sample

Gangsta Rap: Crime Essay, Research Paper Gangsta Rap: Crime The cultural bulk in America is up in weaponries over the lifting degrees of force and horrific images that have seeped into popular amusement. Movies, telecasting, and music have ever been controversial, but even they can traverse the line between hapless gustatory sensation and immorality. Entertainment corporations and record labels don # 8217 ; t even wink, when told of the inordinate anguish or demonic wordss found in stuff. Manufacturers and managers continue to force the enfold on what is? done in good gustatory sensation. ? Gangsta blame is one of the current jobs of society. Popular music for teens has ever been controversial, or at least in struggle with in-between category attitudes. Teen music has ever been under examination by those who are older. Parents, whether from the 60 # 8217 ; s or 90 # 8217 ; s, neer welcome the sounds of the younger coevals. Unfortunately this fact does non soothe person when listening to Snoop Doggy Dog or Ice Cube talk of sex, force, whippings, and self-destruction. Hollywood, the state # 8217 ; s Mecca for Television and films, is another contaminated catastrophe country. This country has given us hero # 8217 ; s such as Clint Eastwood, Humphrey Bogart, and Bruce Willis. Once film makers would arouse sexual involvements through oculus contact or a touch of the leg. Today cameramans resort to graphic sexual Acts of the Apostless and hideous whippings. A canvass by Newsweek stated that sexual moderateness and fidelity are normal for both married people and for those who live together. In contrast, 7 out of 8 televised sexual brushs affect adulterous sex ( Newsweek, 1994 ) . This tendency is galvanizing when compared to the fact that kids spend more clip watching telecasting than they spend in school. Harmonizing to the American Psychological Association, a typical kid sees 8,000 slayings and 100,000 Acts of the Apostless of force on Television before graduating from simple school ( Nation, 1994 ) . The consequences of how telecasting, specifically sex and force, affect P > kids is non wholly known. Although psychologists province, ? Aggressive kids like to watch violent Television shows, and it appears that watching violent Television shows makes kids more aggressive ; this is presumptively due to their exposure to aggressive theoretical accounts? ( Eron, 1987 ) . One of Hollywood # 8217 ; s more singular facets, is that it has produced about 400 images that convey traditional unity and the mainstream virtuousnesss of love, trueness, award, responsibility, and compassion. See films such as Forrest Gump, Little Women, and The Lion King. In contrast, a film such as Natural Born Killers was intended to copy the nexus between force and media attending in our civilization. In the long tally, persons will do determinations about what they will bargain, read, or see. Some will tilt towards the vulgar and the pornographic. The American society has some sense of this. They may be irritated or outraged by pop civilization, but the polls province that the chief classs of force and other national jobs lie beyond the amusement industry ( Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 1995 ) . Parents are already cognizant that kids are affected by the general diminution of public morality, household dislocation, deficiency of faith, and hapless parenting. The monetary value we pay for our cultural freedom is the films and vocals that influence people to move out their phantasies of magnificence. I would instead the pandemonium of the free market than the authorities stating us what or what non to see and hear. Our civilization would be decidedly poorer without those who bring us day-to-day intelligence, conditions, and athleticss. What would go on if authorities began to ban our music, films, and literature? Children would grow-up neer cognizing the internal struggles faced by Huck Finn, the violent nature of the? Wild West? or the vocals that built America? Their blood has wash # 8217 ; d out their foul footfall # 8217 ; s pollution, ? may sound like a extract from a Snoop Dog vocal, It is really portion of the of the Star Spangled Banner.

Bradstreet Essays - DudleyWinthrop Family, Anne Bradstreet, Shame

Bradstreet It is hard to sympathize with someone when you have no idea where they are coming from or what they are going through. It is similar experiences that allow us to extend our sincere appreciation and understanding for another human being's situations and trials of life. Anne Bradstreet's "The Author to Her Book" expresses the emotions that Bradstreet felt when her most intimate thoughts were published to the world without her consent. The average person would not see the cause for distress that Bradstreet feels in this situation. She had written a collection of near perfect poetry, which expressed her feelings in a way that the majority of women during that time did not have the talent or training to do. Many would wonder why she would be disturbed about these works being printed when they had brought many people pleasurable reading and had brought Bradstreet herself much personal fame. Therefore, Bradstreet can not just write a straightforward poem to tell how she feels about her stolen thoughts. Unless her reader happens to be a writer, he or she would not be able to sympathize with Bradstreet in this matter. Instead, she had to use a situation in which her readers could comprehend the many emotions she experienced. No doubt, many women read her poetry, and the majority of women during that time were, or would one day be mothers. This similarity opened a door for understanding. By comparing her writing to a child, Bradstreet is able to win the compassion of her readers and help them understand the feelings that she experiences. Bradstreet sees herself s the "mother" (line 23) of this work, which she calls an "ill-formed offspring" (line 1) and she gives the work many human characteristics to enhance the effect of the conceit. She says that the "child" had been by her side until "snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true" (line 3). Bradstreet's works would probably never have been published had it not been for her brother-in-law. A person she thought she could trust saw fit to take her works back to England and have them published without her consent. He took her most intimate thoughts and placed the future of them in his own hands and she was never consulted. She shares an intimacy with her work like that of a mother and child and that intimacy was infringed upon when her work was "exposed to public view" (line 4). It is because of this intrusion on that special relationship that Bradstreet experiences the feelings that follow. Ironically, in this perfect piece of poetry, the next thing she talks about is the mistakes and shame she feels at not being able to perfect the work before it was published. She compares her work to a child clothed in "rags" (line 5). She feels shame that the"errors were not lessened" (line 6) and refers to her work as a "rambling brat" who is "one unfit for light" (line 8-9) Because her "child" was taken so suddenly and without her knowledge, she had no time to correct its mistakes. She feels a sense of shame, just like a mother would feel shame for her child who has misbehaved or a child whose mother has not had proper time to train them in the correct way to behave. Her shame is not necessarily in the fact that she may have made some mistakes in her writing. A mother feels her most shame, not when a child misbehaves, but when a child misbehaves in the sight of others. This reflects badly on the mother- making it look like she does not discipline or try to correct her child. In this same manner, Bradstreet does not feel shame because she made mistakes, because everyone makes mistakes, but instead because the mistakes in her works were made public so that "all may judge" (line 6). But just as a mother loves her child unconditionally, so Bradstreet loves her works. A child is a product of its parents and, of course, parents wish they could correct every aspect of their child that is not perfect, but they can not. There will always be some flaws, but a mother's love overlooks these. In the same way, Bradstreet wishes that she could clean up her unedited works. However, then she realizes that any corrections she would make only bring another flaw into light. I washed thy face, but more defects I saw, And rubbing off a spot still made a flaw. I stretched thy joints to

Academic Prerequisites to Apply to Medical School

Academic Prerequisites to Apply to Medical School Perhaps it goes without saying that gaining admission to medical school is challenging.  Nearly 50,000 students submit applications each year and about 20,000 matriculate into medical school programs the following Fall semester. How do you ensure entry? While you cant ensure that youll be accepted, you can increase your odds. The successful medical student most commonly holds a pre-med major. But a pre-med major is not the only way to prepare for medical school admissions  Some applicants decide against premed majors.  They earn biology or chemistry degrees, either because their universities don’t offer premed majors or because of their own personal interests.  Science degrees are common because although it’s possible to gain admission to medical school without a pre-med degree, all med schools require that applicants take at minimum eight science classes. These requirements are outlined by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), which accredits medical schools. That means that completing these courses is a non-negotiable part of your med school application. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, you must take, at minimum:   One year of BiologyOne year of Physics  One year of EnglishTwo years of Chemistry (organic and inorganic Chemistry) Why Is So Much Science Required? Medicine is an interdisciplinary field in that medical research incorporates skills, concepts, and findings from the many subfields within biology, chemistry, and other sciences.  Successful medical students have a background in these fields that serve as a baseline for their education in medicine.   Medical Schools Are Not Just Interested in Science Classes in mathematics are also important, though not required by the AAMC. Good grades in math indicate that you are able to reason and think like a scientist. The following courses are recommended but not required. Note the integration of liberal arts skills. Additional Recommendations Genetics (Often required)Calculus (Required by many)Molecular biologyStatistics or epidemiologyPsychology (Upper-level course)NeuroscienceEthicsWriting These recommended courses illustrate the basic educational themes that med schools look for in applicants:  the capacity for science, logical thinking, good communication skills, and high ethical standards. It’s Not Just About the Classes Getting into medical school does not simply require completing a set of classes.  Your performance in science classes (and all classes) matters. Specifically, you must earn high grades.  Your overall grade point average (GPA) must be no lower than 3.5 on the US 4.0 scale. Non-science and science GPAs are calculated separately but you should earn at least a 3.5 in each. Ultimately, you don’t need to be a pre-med major to complete these courses and meet the prerequisites for medical school, but a pre-med major makes it easier for you to fulfill all of the prerequisites within 4 years of college. A pre-med major is helpful but not necessary.

Modern Art, Culture and Issues of Class and Gender Essay

Modern Art, Culture and Issues of Class and Gender - Essay Example The essay "Modern Art, Culture and Issues of Class and Gender" investigates culture and modern art, issues of class and gender. Still we see such cases in our daily life involving gender and class discrimination. Though we have stepped into 21st century but our society is still male dominated. Women are not given equal rights to most of the parts of this world. Gender discrimination is most common issue in both urban and rural areas, though a bit high in rural areas of different countries of the world. On the other hand class discrimination has little suppressed due to literacy and education among people but till today people are categorized in classes on religion, money and power basis. Hinduism class system is an existing example. Here we are discussing the art work of three different artists, all portraying visual culture and all pin pointing the class and gender issues in our society. Ewa Lajer-Burcharth is a professor at Harvard University of fine arts major of history of arts a nd architecture. She is also an author of numerous writings. Her renowned work Necklines: The Art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror is one great achievement. In this work she describes the masterpiece of the French painter Jacques-Louis David. This painting portrays the height of brutality done with Sabine women during the French revolution. Ewa has done justice with this artwork by giving proper details and the main message of the artwork. She has not only cited this but also the crisis of professional life. of Jacques-Louis David. The book starts with keen examination of the artwork produced by David in the prison which the author thinks is his self-representation, the inner him. Further on she discusses the involvement and the memories of the artist in the revolution, which revolves around the Sabine Women. She collected the preparatory drawing of the actual painting from his sketch book. She has discussed the body language and body construction beautifully. This art work l ed to major changes in the history of gender relation in French society and their laws. Coming on Linda Nochlin, she is an American professor, art historian and a writer. She is notable by the fact that she dedicated all her work in representing the true image of a woman. We are discussing one of her famous work named as Dealing with Degas: Representations of Women and the Politics of Vision.  This work talks about certain collection of art pieces interrelated to each other. Linda Nochlin wrote a part in it which discusses The Bellelli Family, especially women of this family. It represents the picture of a woman whose core interest was to pinch the burning question of that time which was gender discrimination. Linda Nochlin has done a marvelous job in describing the Degas artwork, a woman is no less equal to a man and there is no house which can be home without her. The artwork of Degas shows that there was a passionless relation and an emotional disjunction between family’ s man and woman. Last but not the least, coming onto the third book â€Å"The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers† by T.J. Clark who is an historian and also a writer. This book discusses mainly the artwork of Edouard Manet and his followers. Manet without discriminating on class has portrayed the image of the bar-maids and courtesan. Through the nudity, he displayed the equality of women over the men of the society. His every art piece speaks for the freedom of women. T.J. Clarks in the book explains

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing research - Essay Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Marketing Research Project: Coffee Shops – A Pilot Usage and Attitude Study Introduction: Coffee shops are commonly defined as establishments that primarily serve prepared coffee along with light snacks. From a cultural point of view, coffee shops serves as centres of social interaction where individuals especially youths are provided with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another. As defined by Mintel (2009), coffee shops are shops where â€Å"coffee is the primary sales item. They are based on the European and North American coffee shop models, typified by Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Cafe Nero and Coffee Republic and offer a wide variety and different types of coffee, e.g. cappuccino, latte, mocha, etc. Other items are usually on sale, such as pastries, tea, coffee beans, etc. Ho wever, the food offer may be restricted.† Further, the operational venues of these coffee shops are also of relevance: â€Å"Coffee shops include venues such as individual stores, kiosks and concessions. These may operate in a number of locations – motorway service areas (MSAs), health clubs and hospitals, for example. However, they must be independent of the facility they are located in.† (Mintel, 2009) This paper briefly addresses the report of a pilot study on the usage and attitude of coffee consumers, especially young consumers. The data collection for the survey report has mainly been conducted in big coffee shop brand names such as Starbucks and Costa Coffee from the localities of London. The data was collected from 20 young people aged 18 and above, along with a well-structured questionnaire designed on the basis of the usage and attitude of the young coffee consumers. Moreover, the paper looks into the broader picture of coffee shops market in the UK. It briefly provides the current scenario of the UK coffee shops market, which is now considered a booming market contributing remarkably to the UK economy. While competition is getting tougher, the usage and attitude of the young coffee consumers are becoming significantly essential for the coffee shops in order to accomplish competitive advantage. Methodology: Coffee shops are growing faster and wider, thanks to the novel process of globalisation. With the level of market competition growing fast, there is also a growing need of more variables to be included in the market analysis of coffee shops. The study included in this paper is a pilot survey designed to test the questionnaire and the survey approach and to produce some exploratory information which may be of interest to marketing decision makers. The survey conducted for the purpose comprised of 20 young people (aged 18 and above) and students, to be administered by respondent self-completion. In order to explain the behavioura l and attitudinal information of the young consumers of coffee shops, the survey has collected data from both males and females, and coffee shop users and non-users as well. Research objectives:

Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM)

Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) Abstract The qualifications of the workforce have changed with the changing times. There has been a shift in workforce requirement from traditional personnel management to human resource management. With adherence to the same, Human Resource departments have become all the more important and have emerged as strategic players in the organization. The need of the hour for all the organizations is to efficiently align the HR activities with their mission. The paper covers the role of Human Resource in attaining the competitive edge over other organizations and various innovations in Human resource Management in 21st century. Key Words: Human Resource Management, Strategic Human Resources Management, innovations in HRM Introduction Traditional sources of success can still provide competitive leverage but a lesser degree now than in the past (Pfeffer, 1994). According to the Resource Based View (RBV), organizations can gain competitive advantage by their valuable, rare and inimitable internal resources. Considering this, it is possible to say that high quality workforce can create this advantage. The change that has most impacted organizations in the past decade has been the increasing realization that human resources of an organization are the primary source of competitive advantage. It is now accepted that high qualified employees in the organization and the way how they are managed is very important to gain competitive advantage. HRM must change as the business environment and the world in which it operates changes. Parallel to these changes in technology, globalization and dynamics of labor market, the way to manage human resources has changed. HRM managers have moved from handling simple personnel issues to making a strategic contribution to the future directions and development of the organization. With the evolution of HRM function from traditional to strategic, its roles and importance has gained more attention. The HR function and its process now have become more strategic and HR managers have been a part of the top management team. This strategic approach to HRM has led this function to be involved in strategic planning and decision making processes by coordinating all human functions for employees. Aligning the strategies of the organization with the HR functions has become the essential part of gaining competitive advantage. The role of the HR for the 21st century is named as strategically reactive in business strategy implementation through supporting the long term strategies with the necessary employee qualifications and developing the cultural and technical capabilities required for the strategies of the organization. The need for managing the employees strategically in the 21st century also requires the management and the organization structure to be more flexible. The work system has started to change with autonomous work groups with high qualified workforces, outsourcing some of the operational HR functions, downsizing, delayering, employee participation to the decision systems, high wages for the high qualified human resources, virtual and network organizations. Evolution The human resource management function, once responsible for record keeping and maintenance, has evolved into a strategic partner (Ferris et al., 1999). It will give a perspective if we look at the evolution of HRM in a historical period briefly. If we take the year 1920 as when many believe the first formal HRM function and department was initiated, then it is possible to think that the field is nearly 90 years old. During this 90-year period, there have been considerable changes in both science and practice of HRM. People who worked during the 1600s to 1700s were guided by a craft system. Under this system, the production of goods and services was generated by small groups of workers in relatively  small workplaces, usually in a home. In the early 1900s, many changes occurred in the work place. This forced managers to develop rules, regulations and procedures to control the workers. Some of the regulations required an increase in job specialization, which led to boring, monotonous jobs (Anthony, Perrrewe and Kacmar, 1996). At that time, with the effect of Scientific Management, workers were seen as a part of a machine without considering that they were social human beings. All the jobs were broken into specific tasks.The next step in the development of human resources occurred in the late 1920s and early 1930s by Hawthorne Studies. As a result of these studies, the social side of workers was realized by managers and the effect of social factors on the performance was understood. Expanding on the human relations school of thought including academic findings from various disciplines such as psychology, political science, sociology and biology, the behavioral science era was born. This era focused more on the total organization and less on the individual. It examined how the workplace affected the individual worker and how the individual worker affected the workplace. Many believe that the modern day fields of organizational behavior and human resource management grew out of the behavioral science (Anthony, Perrrewe and Kacmar, 1996). In the early years, organizations set up welfare secretaries whose jobs were to keep track of employees welfare. Through the years, the welfare secretaries jobs encompassed more duties parallel with the new laws and employee rights were passed. They started to keep up all files about employees, maintain payroll systems and counsel employees (Anthony, Perrrewe and Kacmar, 1996).Parallel with the changes in some factors like technology, globalization and work force, HRM began to take more attention from the organizations and it became a formal department. The increase in the importance of HR has not happened accidentally. Rather, these trends are a function of specific changes in the business environment. With the increased rate of globalization, a firms ability to compete in a global environment becomes increasingly contingent on having the right people. Pressures from competitors, shareholders and customers require people that can create new products, services and processes ahead of the competition (Brockbank, 1999) Strategic Human Resources Management It is now widely accepted that an organizations success is determined by decisions employees make and behaviors in which they engage. Managing people as an organizations primary asset has inspired HR to become increasingly more effective at developing programs and policies that leverage talent to align with organizational competencies and at executing organizational strategy (Ruona and Gibson, 2004). The importance of fitting structure, systems and management practices to an organizations stage of development is widely accepted. As the organization grows and develops, it needs change. By understanding how an organization changes as it grows, it is possible to understand how human resource management must change (Baird and Meshoulam, 1988). Perhaps the change that has most impacted organizations in the past decade has been the growing realization that people are an organizations primary source of competitive advantage. The field of HRM has recently seen the human resources that it selects, trains and retains move from a supportive to a strategic role in organizations. This occurred because in strategic management sources of competitive advantage were no longer sought in external, but in the  internal environment of a firm, namely in its resources, particularly its human ones. Accordingly the field of HRM reconsidered its own role, resulting in the emergence of a new distinct discipline termed Strategic Human Resources Management (Wielemaker and Flint, 2005). Recent works on business strategy have indicated that firms competitive advantage can be generated from firm human resources. According to the resource based view, the firm that can develop sustained competitive advantage through creating value in a manner that is rare and difficult for competitors to imitate. Traditional sources of competitive advantage such as natural resources, technology and economics of scale have become increasingly easy to imitate (Chang and Huang, 2005). Driven by a number of significant internal and external environmental factors, HRM has progressed from a largely maintenance function to the source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations operating in a global economy (Ferris et al., 1999: 385). Environmental factors such as uncertainty, technological innovation and demographic changes affect human resource strategy. Numerous environmental characteristics have been investigated to determine how they constrain human resources or strategy formulation ((Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 1988). By the effect of these factors; human resource planners started to learn the language and techniques of strategic planning, assumed a more proactive stance in promoting strategic thinking in the human resources area and extended the personnel function well beyond the limits of its traditional activities (Miles and Snow, 1984). Human resources can make contributions to strategy and strategic planning in a number of ways. Systems such as performance appraisal, staffing, training and compensation help enable managers to implement the organizations strategic plan. Human resources planning also links strategic management and business planning with these systems (Greer, 1995). The concept of strategic human resource management evolved with an emphasis on a proactive, integrative and value-driven approach to HRM. Strategic HRM, views human resources as assets for investment and the management of human resources as strategic rather than reactive, prescriptive and administrative. The definition of strategic HRM highlights two important dimensions that distinguish it from traditional HRM. Vertically, it links HR practices with the strategic management process of the firm and horizontally, it emphasizes that HR practices are integrated and support each other (Andersen, Cooper and Zhu, 2007). Most of the writings indicating greater integration between HRM and strategic business planning take either of two predominant approaches. One group of authors suggest a reactive role for the HR function, viewing organization strategy as the driving force determining HRM strategies and policies. These authors have concentrated on developing specific HRM strategies to fit identified business objectives. They contend that HR systems such as selection, training and compensation should be tailored to match the companys objectives and product life cycles. A second group of authors suggest that HR should also play a more central and proactive role by becoming involved in the strategy formulation process itself (Golden and Ramanujam, 1985). As a result, todays leading edge human resources staff is actively engaged on the management team, contributing participants in the planning and implementation of necessary changes. Human resource staff needs to be business oriented, aligned with the business and effective as consultants and business partners. The integration of human resources with the business requires a new paradigm for managing human resources in an organization (Walker, 1994). It is desirable to integrate human resources management and business for some reasons. First, integration provides a broader range of solutions for solving complex organizational problems. Second, integration ensures that human, financial and technological resources are given consideration in setting goals and assessing implementation capabilities. Third, through  integration organizations must explicitly consider the individuals who comprise them and must implement policies. Finally, reciprocity in integrating human resources and strategic concerns limits the subordination of strategic considerations to human resources preferences and the neglect of human resources as a vital source of organizational competence and competitive advantage. This reduces a potential source of sub optimization (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 1988).Integration refers to the involvement of HRM in the formulation and implementation of organizational strategies and the alignment of HRM with the strategic needs of an organization. To achieve strategic integration and alignment of HRM with business strategies, a documented HRM strategy would also be useful as it can make more concrete the role and authority of HR managers in corporate decision making and increase capacity to cope with externalities such as a tight labour market. A documented HRM strategy helps the organization to develop and HRM vision and objectives and to monitor performance (Andersen, Cooper and Zhu, 2007).   To make HR managers more available for participation in strategic decision making processes, it is argued that the responsibility of routine execution and administration of HR practices should be delegated to line managers as they have direct and frequent contact with employees and a capacity to understand, motivate, control and respond quickly to employees (Andersen, Cooper and Zhu, 2007). The New Human Resources Management for the 21st Century HR must now be judged on whether it enhances the firms competitive advantage by adding real, measurable economic value as a business partner. The HR function and its processes now must become a strategic player (Beatty and Schneier, 1997). 21st century HR requires factors like; increased centrality of people to organizational success, focus on whole systems and integrated solutions, strategic alignment and impact, capacity for change. These factors are described below briefly (Ruona and Gibson, 2004). Increased Centrality of People to Organizational Success: Undoubtedly the most powerful force affecting the evolution of HRM is the increased centrality of people to organizational success. The emergence of resource based views of organizations has placed increasing importance on intellectual and social capital. Focus on Whole Systems and Integrated Solutions: It is clear that HRM has become increasingly systematic during their evolutions. With the strategic proactive role of HRM, the challenge for HRM is to continue to develop innovative systems by focusing on the integrated functions and systems of organization. Strategic Alignment and Impact: 21st century HR has become more integrated by its measurement efforts and it is expected that the importance of these efforts will increase in the coming years. This is all being driven by increased pressure to work on issues that are most important to the business and to provide organizational leaders with understandable information that helps them to make better and more strategic decisions about the workforce. Ultimately, it is essential to work together to enhance HRs capacity to contribute to organizational and financial performance. Capacity for Change: Todays organizations must thrive in complex and unpredictable environments and must be extremely agile. This demands the development and implementation of structures and processes that facilitate incremental change. The new human resources management for the 21st century should play a strategic role by contributing the strategy formulation process and being a strategic partner during the implementation of these strategies. The HR practices should be designed consistent with the strategies of the organization taking into consideration the essential HR needs. In parallel with these, organizations can be able to be more flexible, flat and agile in order to struggle with the changes in the competitive environment by gaining competitive advantage with their HR assets. HR professionals need to lead flatter organizations by encouraging individuals to exercise more initiative, autonomy and accountability by providing tools and techniques that improve their effectiveness and by enabling the acquisition of critical competencies through continuous learning opportunities (Schoonover, 2010). Conclusion Strategic human resources management has gained more importance for the organizations in recent years because human resources are seen as the most valuable assets of the organizations for gaining competitive. Human resources departments have started to play a strategic role in the organizations and all HR functions are integrated with the mission, vision and strategies of the organizations. The new HRM perspective for the 21st century requires HRM to be strategic partners of the organization that coordinates all functions and supporting the strategies by attracting and retaining the essential qualified employees REFERENCES Andersen, K. K., Cooper, B. K. and Zhu, C. J. (2007) The effect of SHRM practices on perceived financial performance: some initial evidence from Australia, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 168-179. Anthony, W. P., Perrewe, P. L. and Kacmar, K. M. (1996) Strategic human resource management, USA: The Dryden Press. Baird, L. and Meshoulam, I. (1988) Managing two fits of strategic human resource management, Academy of Management, vol.13, no.1, pp. 116-128. Beatty, W. R. and Schneier, C. E. (1997) New HR roles to impact organizational performance: From partners to players, Human Resources Management, pp. 29-36. Brockbank, W. (1999) If HR were really strategically proactive: Present and future directions in HRs contribution to competitive advantage, Human Resource Management, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 337-352. Chang, W. A. and Huang, T. C. (2005) Relationship between strategic human resource management and firm performance, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 434-474. Ferris, G. et al. (1999) Human resource management: Some new directions, Journal of Management, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 385-416. Greer, C. R. (1995) Strategy and human resources, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Golden, K. A. and Ramanujam, V. (1985) Between a dream and a nightmare: On the integration of human resource management and strategic business planning processes, Human Resource Management Review, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 429-452. Lengnick-Hall, C. A. and Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (1988) Strategic human resources management: A review of the literature and a proposed typology, Academy of Management, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 454-470. Miles, R. E. and. Snow, C. C. (1984) Designing strategic human resources systems,  Organizational Dynamics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 36-52. Pfeffer, J. (1994) Competitive advantage through people: unleashing the power of the workforce, USA: Harvard Business School Press. Ruona, W. E. A. and Gibson, S. K. (2004) The making of twenty-first century HR: an analysis of the convergence of HRM, HRD and OD, Human Resources Management, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 49-66. Schoonover, S. C. (2010) Human resource competencies for the new century, [Online], Available: http://www.schoonover.com/pdf/HR _Competencies_ for_the_New_ Century _ Final. Pdf [16 December 2010]. Walker, J. (1994) Integrating the human resources function with the business, Human Resource Planning, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 59-77. Wielemaker, M. and Flint, D. (2005) Why does HRM need to be strategic? A consideration of attempts to link human resources and strategy, The Business Review, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 259-264. Table 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCES APPROACH AND  TRADITIONAL PERSONNEL APPROACH Dimensions Strategic Human Resource Traditional Personnel Approach Management Approach Planning and Strategy Participates in formulating Involved in operational Formulation overall organizational strategic planning only plan and aligning human resource functions with company strategy Authority Has high status and authority for Has medium status and top personnel authority Scope Concerned with all managers Concerned with hourly, and employees operational and clerical employees Decision Making Involved in making strategic Makes operational decisions decisions only Integration Fully integrated with other organizational functions like marketing, finance etc. Has moderate to small integration with other organizational functions Coordination Coordinates all human resource activities like training, recruitment etc. Does not coordinate all human resource functions

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as AIDS, is caused by the incurable HIV virus. AIDS is a deadly disease that deteriorates the immune system. There are two groups of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 that occurs throughout the world and HIV-2 that mainly occurs in Africa. The HIV virus enters the white blood cells and takes over the reproductive system of that cell and uses the system to reproduce itself. The white blood cell dies and the new HIV cells infect other white blood cells and repeat the process. If you have become infected with the AIDS disease you may not have any symptoms of the for the next ten years. The AIDS disease makes the less serious conditions harder for your body to control or get rid of because of the loss of many of the white blood cells in your body. The most common causes of death for the people with AIDS are pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, which afflict 70% of the infected people. AIDS is transmitted in three ways. Intimate s exual contact is the most common. While direct contact with infected blood and transactions to babies from the infected mother's fetus will also cause the disease. Although some speculation, you cannot receive the disease from air, food, water, or insects. AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is a sentence of slow but inevitable death. There currently is no cure or vaccine for this disease. There are drugs that have been proven effective in slowing the spread of this deadly disease. We know enough about how the infection is transmitted to protect ourselves from it. But too few people are hearing the AIDS message. Perhaps many simply don't like or want to believe what they hear, preferring to think that AIDS "can't happen to them.

Best Online Trading Account- Width and Cost Analysis

| | |[pic] | | |BEST ONLINE TRADING ACCOUNT | | | |WIDTH AND COST ANALYSIS | | WEALTH AND INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT : (MGT-216) Submitted to: Dr. Shweta Anand By: HukumSingh Devendar Gautam Naveen Kumar Vijay Singh Vikash Chaudhary Yashpal SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY GREATER NOIDA CONTENTS TOPIC 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction Background of Stock Exchange in India 3. Theory of Share Market 4. Major Players 5. Methodology of Study 6. Objectives of Study 7. Comparative Study of Online trading portals 8. Conclusion 9. Reference EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project as a whole can be divided into two parts. ? First part gives an insight about online trading and Dematerialization account. What is share trading and how buying and selling takes place. For trading, it is mandatory for us to have a demat or dematerialization account. How to open a demat account and what all documents are required was part of our study. Various terms used in share market such as bears and bulls, intraday, delivery, settlement, index, etc. ? The second part of project represents the major players of India and a small comparative analysis has been done on their basis of services given by these different online trading portals with their brokerage rates, annual maintenance charges, account opening charges and customer base. INTRODUCTION Background of Stock Exchange of India The emergence of stock market can be traced back to 1830. In Bombay, business passed in the shares of banks like the commercial bank, the chartered mercantile bank, the chartered bank, the oriental bank and the old bank of Bombay and shares of cotton presses. In Calcutta, Englishman reported the quotations of 4%, 5%, and 6% loans of East India Company as well as the shares of the bank of Bengal in 1836. This list was a further broadened in 1839 when the Calcutta newspaper printed the quotations of banks like union bank and Agra bank. It also quoted the prices of business ventures like the Bengal bonded warehouse, the Docking Company and the storm tug company. Between 1840 and 1850, only half a dozen brokers existed for the limited business. But during the share mania of 1860-65, the number of brokers increased considerably. By 1860, the number of brokers was about 60 and during the exciting period of the American Civil war, their number increased to about 200 to 250. The end of American Civil war brought disillusionment and many failures and the brokers decreased in number and prosperity. It was in those troublesome times between 1868 and 1875 that brokers organized an informal association and finally as recited in the Indenture constituting the â€Å"Articles of Association of the Exchange†. On or about 9th day of July,1875, a few native brokers doing brokerage business in shares and stocks resolved upon forming in Bombay an association for protecting the character, status and interest of native share and stock brokers and providing a hall or building for the use of the members of such association. As a meeting held in the broker’ Hall on the 5th day of February, 1887, it was resolved to execute a formal deal of association and to constitute the first managing committee and to appoint the first trustees. Accordingly, the Articles of Association of the Exchange and the Stock Exchange was formally established in Bombay on 3rd day of December, 1887. The Association is now known as â€Å"The Stock Exchange†. The entrance fee for new member was Re. 1 and there were 318 members on the list, when the exchange was constituted. The numbers of members increased to 333 in 1896, 362 in 1916and 478 in 1920 and the entrance fee was raised to Rs. 5 in 1877, Rs. 1000 in 1896, Rs. 2500 in 1916 and Rs. 48,000 in 1920. At present there are 23 recognized stock exchanges with about 6000 stock brokers. Organization structure of stock exchange varies. 14 stock exchanges are organized as public limited companies, 6 as companies limited by guarantee and 3 are non-profit voluntary organization. Of the total of 23, only 9 stock exchanges have been permanent recognition. Others have to seek recognition on annual basis. These exchange do not work of its own, rather, these are run by some persons and with the help of some persons and institution. All these are down as functionaries on stock exchange. These are 1. Stockbrokers 2. sub-broker 3. market makers 4. Portfolio consultants etc 1. ) Stockbrokers Stock brokers are the members of stock exchanges. These are the persons who buy, sell or deal in securities. A certificate of registration from SEBI is mandatory to act as a broker. SEBI can impose certain conditions while granting the certificate of registrations. It is obligatory for the person to abide by the rules, regulations and the buy-law. Stock brokers are commission broker, floor broker, arbitrageur etc. Detail of registered brokers |Total no. of registered brokers as on 31. 03. 2008 |Total no. of sub-brokers as on 31. 03. 008 | |9000 |24,000 | 2. ) Sub-broker A sub-broker acts as agent of stock broker. He is not a member of a stock exchange. He assists the investors in buying, selling or dealing in securities through stockbroker. The broker and sub-broker should enter into an agreement in which obligations of both should be specified. Sub-broker must be registered SEBI for a dealing in securities. For getting registered with SEBI , he must fulfill certain rules and regulation. 3. ) Market Makers Market maker is a designated specialist in the specified securities. They make both bid and offer at the same time. A market maker has to abide by bye-laws, rules regulations of the concerned stock exchange. He is exempt from the margin requirements. As per the listing requirements, a company where the paid-up capital is Rs. 3 crore but not more than Rs. 5 crore and having a commercial operation for less than 2 years should appoint a market maker at the time of issue of securities. 4. ) Portfolio consultants A combination of securities such as stocks, bonds and money market instruments is collectively called as portfolio. Whereas the portfolio consultants are the persons, firms or companies who advise, direct or undertake the management or administration of securities or funds on behalf of their clients. THEORY OF SHARE MARKET Stock Exchange: A common platform where buyers and sellers come together to transact in shares and stocks. Electronic Trading: Eliminates the need for physical trading floors. Brokers can trade from their offices using fully automated screen based processes. Their workstations are connected to a stock exchange’s central computer via satellite using Very Small Aperture Terminus (VSATs). The orders placed by the brokers reach the exchange’s central computer and are matched electronically. Stock Exchanges in India: The stock exchange Mumbai (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) are the country’s two leading stock exchanges. There are 20 other regional stock exchanges connected via Interconnected Stock exchange (ICSE). Index: An Index is a comprehensive measure of market trends intended for investors who are concerned with general stock market price movements. An index comprises stocks that have large liquidity and market capitalization. At NSE, the capitalization of NIFTY (fifty selected stocks) is takes as a base capitalization, with the value set at 1000. Similarly BSE sensitivity index consists of 30 stocks. The index value compares the day’s market capitalization vis-a-vis base capitalization and indicates how prices in general have move over a period of time. Stock: In financial market, stock refers to the supply of money that a company has raised. This supply comes from the people who have given the company money in hope that the company will make their money grow. Bears and Bulls: Bears are cautious animals who don’t like to move too fast. Bulls are bold who might charge right ahead. An investor is said to be bearish if he or she believes that the stock market will go down. A bearish investor will buy the stock cautiously. A â€Å"Bullish† investor believes that the market will go up. He or she will charge ahead and put more money into the market. An investor can be bearish or bullish about a particular kind of stock. Likewise the term â€Å"Bear Market† describes the time the stock prices have been falling on the whole. A â€Å"Bull Market† is a period when stock prices are generally rising. Dematerialization: What is a Demat? Demat is commonly used abbreviation of Dematerialsation, which is a process whereby securities like shares and debentures are converted from material (paper documents) into electronic data and stored into computers of an Electronic Depository. Requirements to Open a Demat Account: 1) PAN Card 2) Cancelled Cheque 3) Address Proof 4) Photo ID Proof trading: It is defined as a function when an investor buys or sells in the market. BUYING: 1. An investor gets order executed and makes payment to the broker. 2. Investor instructs his Depository Participant to expect credit on settlement day. Broker instructs his DP to debit his Clearing Member account on settlement day. 3. Before settlement day Broker makes payment to clearinghouse through Clearing Bank. 4. On settlement day clearing house releases shares to broker’s Clearing Member account which is then transferred to investors account through NSDL (National Securities Depository Limited). Investor gets credit in his account. Selling: 1. An investor gets order executed. 2. Investor instructs his Depository Participant to debit his account with immediate effect. The shares move from investors account to Brokers Clearing Member account via NSDL. A Broker clearing member accounts is credited. 3. Before settlement day broker transfers shares from his clearing member account to Clearinghouse via NSDL. His account is debited. 4. On settlement day Broker receives payment from clearing house which he passes on to the investor. Intraday Based Trading: Day trading refers to the practice of buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day such that all positions will usually (not necessarily always) be closed before the market close of the trading day. This is the opposite of After-hours trading. Traders that participate in day trading are called day traders. Delivery Based Trading: Delivery based trading involves buying shares on a market day, holding them and selling them only after receiving the delivery of those shares in demat account. ONLINE SHARE TRADING: Online Trading involves investment activity which takes place over the internet and it does not require physical inclusion of broker. An investor has to register with an online trading portal like Sharekhan. com, India Infoline. om and many companies like that and investor gets into an agreement with the firm to trade in different securities according to terms and conditions in the agreement. As the servers of the online portal are connected all the time to the stock exchange and designated banks the order processing is done in real time and the investors can also have updates on trading. They can also check the status of their order either through e-mails or through interf ace that it cannot be accessed by the third party. Some options are usually given to the users such as to link their bank account, Demat accounts and Brokerage account into a single interface. A single window is there for all exchanges and a single screen is there for the complete order routing mechanism. There are two broad models in play in the online brokerage space- 1) Bank-backed firms 2) Entrepreneur- floated firms Bank-backed firms: Bank-backed firms such as ICICIdirect. com and HDFC Securities have expanded on the basis of their brand name and trust of investors in them. The integrated 3-in-1 account offered by these companies help their parent bank by giving it accounts along with float income. Entrepreneurship-floated firms: Companies like India Infoline, Sharekhan, IndiaBulls, Religare and Karvy have expanded by offering the customers a mix of online and offline accounts, higher margin finance amount and lower brokerage rates. Advantages of Online Trading: 1) Provides with the freedom of information Through internet an investor can – ? Know the price of any stock he desires at any point of time on the internet. ? An investor can review the price history of any stock in the chart format online. ? The investor can follow in depth the events happening in the market. ? Consult with other online investors in any part of the world. Conduct extensive financial research of any company he desires. 2) Ensures the best price for the investors. 3) Provides instant trade execution 4) Provides level playing field. 5) Keeps information secure. 6) Instant order trade confirmation. 7) Consult on line help desk for queries. Disadvantages of Online Trading: 1) Brokerage is high as compared to off line 2) Privacy ca n be less due to hacking scandals. 3) Transactional errors due to technical problems. MAJOR PLAYERS OF INDIA The following are the major players: ? A. G. Shares & Securities ? India Bulls ? India Infoline ? Karvy Share khan ? ICICIDirect ? Motilal oswal Secureties ? Religare ? HDFC Securities ? Reliance Money A. G. SHARES & SECURITIES: A. G. Shares & Securities Ltd. (AGSSL)-(Sister Concern of India Casting Company) – a saga of success. Form a modest beginning in 1995 the Company has grown by leaps and bounds under the stewardship of Mr. Ajay Kumar Agarwal (Managing Director). AGSSL is an one stop shop providing gamut of financial services which include on line trading in NSE & Depository Services and Dematerialization of eligible securities, disbursement of corporate action benefits viz. non –cash benefits to the beneficial owner, settlement of securities traded on exchanges, pledging and hypothecation of eligible securities, stock lending and borrowings. Their sister concern namely â€Å" Seema Securities Pvt Ltd. â€Å" a member of BSE is providing various exclusive financial services related to BSE like on-line trading sale and purchase of Debenture, Shares, Warrants, sale and purchase of Shares. The other sister concern GKSSL having membership of NCDEX is also giving extra opportunity of clients to trade in most valuable exchanges. Products & Services: ? Broking with NSE in Cash Market Broking with BSE in Cash Market ? Dealing in Derivative trading in NSE & BSE ? NSDL Service ? CDSL Service ? Cash on sale ? Update services ? NCDEX Service ? MCX service INDIABULLS SECURITIES LIMITED Indiabulls Securities Limited was incorporated as GPF Securities Private Limited on June 9, 1995. The name of the company was changed to Orbis Securities Private Limited on December 15, 1995 to change the profile of the company and subsequently due to the conversion of the company into a public limited company; the name was further changed to Orbis Securities Lim ited on January 5, 2004. The name of the company was again changed to Indiabulls Securities Limited on February 16, 2004 so as to capitalize on the brand image of the term â€Å"Indiabulls† in the company name. ISL is a corporate member of capital market & derivative segment of The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. At present, ISL accounts for approximately 3% of the total daily turnover of the Exchange with 32,359 client relationships and 70 branches spread across the country as of April 30, 2004. Products Offered by Indiabulls: ? Equity & Debt Stock Broking ? Insurance ? Commodity trading ? Depository Services ? Derivatives Broking Services Equity Research Services ? Mutual Fund Distribution ? IPO Distribution Type of Account Indiabulls Equity Trading Account Indiabulls Equity Trading Account is standard Online trading account from India bulls and along with online trading it also provides priority telephone access that gives you direct access to your Relationship Manager and full access to â₠¬ËœIndiabulls Equity Analysis'. Application Trading Terminal(Need Installation) Power Indiabulls Power Indiabulls trading terminal is the most advanced new generation trading platform with great speed. This trading terminal is built in JAVA. Power Indiabulls is extremely reach in features including Live Streaming Quotes, Fast Order Entry and execution, Tic by Tic Live Charts, Technical Analysis, Live News and Alerts, Extensive Reports for Real-time Accounting. Brokerage and fees : 1. Account opening fees : Rs 1200/- (One time non-refundable) as below: 250/- Equity Trading Account opening charge 200/- Demat Account opening charge 750/- Software changes Advantages of Indiabulls Equity Trading Account 1. Brokerage is less compare to other online trading companies. 2. Provide trading terminal ‘powerbulls', a java based software. It's very fast in terms of speed and execution INDIAINFOLINE SECURITY PRIVATE LTD India Infoline. com Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline. com Ltd and is the stock broking arm of India Infoline. com. The subsidiary was formed to comply with regulatory guidelines. www. 5paisa. com is a focused website for online stock market trading. 5paisa. com is a trade name owned by the India Infoline. com group. IILSPL has applied for trading membership of the BSE under Securities and Exchange Board of India (Stock Brokers and Sub-Brokers) Rules 1992. IILSPL is in the business of providing broking services online via the Internet (â€Å"E-broking Services†) and has been permitted by the NSE by way of registration permission no: NSEIL/CMO/INET/1103/2000 dated 03/July/2000, and will be applying for permission to the BSE, to provide E-broking Services to its clients. IILSPL is a TRADING MEMBER of the National Stock Exchange of India. Products Offered by IILSPL: ? Stock market: IILSPL deals in stock market by trading in equity and derivatives. ? Personal finance: It Deals In Mutual Fund and Insurance. ? Online Trading: It provides services in stock and commodity trading (through Internet). Trade In: BSE and NSE Trading Terminals: 5Paisa offers 2 different online trading terminals to its customers: Investor Terminal (IT) Investor Terminal is 5Paisa's equity trading terminal for low volume trader. This is web based terminal and could access from anywhere. This product provides limited features in comparison of Trader Terminal, which is another product provided by 5Paisa. Trader Terminal (TT) Trader Terminal is design for high volume equity traders or day traders. Trader Terminal provides high volume trading with powerful interface and fast order execution. Few popular features of trader terminal are: Fast trade execution with instant trade confirmation. o Live streaming quotes and price watch on any number of stocks. o Intra day charts, updated live, tick-by-tick. o Live margin, position, marked to market profit & loss report. o Set any number of price alerts on any number of scrips. o Flexibility to customize screen layout and setting. o Facility to customize any number of portfolios & watch lists. o Facility to cancel all pending orders at one click. o Facility to square off all transactions at one click. o Top Gainers, Top Losers, Most Active, updated live. o Index information; index chart, index stock information live. Market depth, i. e. Best 5 bids and offers, updated live for all stocks. o Online access to both accounts and DP to check live updated Order and Trade Book. o Facility to place after market orders. o Online fund transfer facility from leading Banks including ICICI, HDFC, CITI and UTI banks. o Online intra-day technical calls. o Historical charts and technical analysis tools. o India Infoline's world – acclaimed news service and research. o and many more. Brokerage and Account opening fees: 1. Account opening fees: Rs 500/- one time non refundable. 2. 5 paisa offer competitive rates. They charge only 5 paisa for Rs 100 of trade done, which is 0. 05%. brokerage. In case of trade that result in delivery, they charge an additional 0. 20% for back office and securities handling. Advantages of 5paisa 1. Very fast execution speed. 2. Rates are very competitive then other providers. 3. Easy online fund transfer facility from leading Banks including ICICI, HDFC, CITI and UTI banks. 4. Free facility of subscribing to mutual funds, equity IPOs and other investment products. Disadvantages of 5paisa 1. No intra-day tick by tick charts in Investor Terminal (IT). 2. Investing in IPO and Mutual Funds is not so easy like in ICICIDirect. . Learning 5paisa Trading Terminal is little hard. IPO / Mutual Funds investment through 5Paisa (IndiaInfoLine) 1. 5Paisa provides free facility of subscribing to mutual funds, equity IPOs and other investment products using internet banking account of ICICI, HDFC, CITI and UTI banks. 2. Registered users with 5Paisa can logon to following website to apply in an IPO: http://www. indiainfoline. com/ipo 3. While applying for IPO shares online through 5Paisa, Investor are taken to there corresponding banks homepage. Investors can use there net banking user id & password & transfer funds directly using any of these banks. . 5Paisa members can use the similar steps to invest in Mutual Funds online. KARVY GROUP Karvy is a premier integrated financial services provider, and ranked among the top five in the country in all its business segments, services over 16 million individual investors in various capacities, and provides investor services to over 300 corporate in India. Karvy has a professional management team and ranks among the best in technology, operations and research of various industrial segments. History of Karvy: The birth of Karvy was on a modest scale in 1981. It began with the vision and enterprise of a small group of practicing Chartered Accountants who founded the flagship company, Karvy Consultants Limited. They started with consulting and financial accounting automation and carved inroads into the field of registry and share accounting by 1985. Since then, karvy utilized its experience and superlative expertise to go from strength to strength, to better their services, to innovate, diversify and in the process, evolved as one of India’s premier integrated financial service enterprise. Product & Services Offered by Karvy Group: 1. Financial Products Distribution (Investments/Loans). . Karvy consultant ltd. 3. Karvy merchant banking. 4. Insurance(life/general) 5. Stock Broking 6. Commodities Broking 7. Mutual Funds Services SHAREKHAN: Sharekhan is one of the leading retail brokerage of Citi Venture which is running successfully since 1922 in the country. Earlier it was the retail broking arm of the Mumbai-based SSKI Group, which has over eight decades of experience in the stock broking business. Sharekhan offers its customers a wide range of equity related services including trade execution on BSE, NSE, Derivatives, depository services, online trading, investment advice etc. Sharekhan is one of India's leading financial services companies. They provide a complete life-cycle of investment solution in Equities, Derivatives, Commodities, IPO, Mutual Funds, Depository Services, Portfolio Management Services and Insurance. They also offer personalized wealth management services for High Net worth individuals. With a physical presence in over 300 cities of India through more than 800 â€Å"Share Shops†, and an online presence through Sharekhan. com, India's premier online destination, they reach out to more than 800,000 trading customers. Products Offered by Sharekhan: ? Equity Trading Platform (Online/Offline). ? Commodities Trading Platform (Online/Offline). ? Portfolio Management Service. ? Mutual Fund Advisory and Distribution. ? Insurance Distribution Trade In: BSE and NSE Type of Account Classic Account Trading Terminal ShareKhan Classic account Allow investor to buy and sell stocks online along with the following features like multiple watch lists, Integrated Banking, demat and digital contracts, Real-time portfolio tracking with price alerts and Instant credit & transfer. a. Online trading account for investing in Equities and Derivatives b. Free trading through Phone (Dial-n-Trade) I. Two dedicated numbers for placing your orders with your cellphone or landline. II. Automtic funds tranfer with phone banking (for Citibank and HDFC bank customers) III. Simple and Secure Interactive Voice Response based system for authentication IV. get the trusted, professional advice of our telebrokers V. After hours order placement facility between 8. 00 am and 9. 30 am c. Integration of: Online trading + Bank + Demat account d. Instant cash transfer facility against purchase & sale of shares e. IPO investments f. Instant order and trade confirmations by e-mail g. Single screen interface for cash and derivatives ShareKhan SpeedTrade account This accounts for active traders who trade frequently during the day's trading session. Following are few popular features of SpeedTrade account. h. Single screen interface for cash and derivatives i. Real-time streaming quotes with Instant order Execution & Confirmation j. Hot keys similar to a traditional broker terminal k. Alerts and reminders l. Back-up facility to place trades on Direct Phone lines Brokerage: Some stock trading companies charge direct percentage while others charge a fixed amount per Rs 100. Sharekhan charges 0. 5% for inter day shares and 0. 1% for intra day or you could say Sharekhan charges 50 paise per Rs 100. Advantages of Sharekhan: 1. Online trading is very user friendly and one doesn't need any software to access. 2. They provides good quality of services like daily SMS alerts, mail alerts, stock recommendations etc. 3. Sharekhan has ability to transfer funds from most banks. Unlike ICICI Direct, HDFC Sec, etc. so investor not really needs to open an account with a particular bank as it can establish link with most modern banks. Disadvantages of Sharekhan: 1. They charge minimum brokerage of 10 paisa per stock would not let you trade stocks below 20 rs. (If you trade, you will loose majority of your money in brokerage). 2. Lots of hidden rules and charges. 3. They do not provide facility to book lim it order trades during after-hours. 4. Classic account holders cannot trade commodities. 5. Cannot purchase mutual funds online ICICI DIRECT: ICICIDirect (or ICICIDirect. com) is stock trading company of ICICI Bank. Along with stock trading and trading in derivatives in BSE and NSE, it also provides facility to invest in IPOs, Mutual Funds and Bonds. Trading is available in BSE and NSE. Trade In: BSE and NSE Type of Account ICICIDirect offers 3 different online trading platforms to its customers: 1. Share Trading Account Share Trading Account by ICICIDirect is primarily for buying and selling of stocks in BSE and NSE. This account allows Cash Trading, Margin Trading, MarginPLUS Trading, Spot Trading, Buy Today Sell Tomorrow and Call and Trade on phone. ICICIDirect. com website is the primary trading platform for this trading account. They also provide installable application terminal based application for high volume trader. 2. Wise Investment Account Along with stock trading and IPO investing in BSE and NSE, Wise Investment account also provide options to invest in Mutual Funds and Bonds online. Online Mutual funds investment allows investor to invest on-line in around 19 Mutual Fund companies. ICICI Direct offers various options while investing in Mutual Funds like Purchase Mutual Fund, Redemption and switch between different schemes, Systematic Investment plans, Systematic withdrawal plan and transferring existing Mutual Funds in to electronic mode. This account also provides facility to invest in Government of India Bonds and ICICI Bank Tax Saving Bonds. ICICIDirect. com website is the primary tool to invest in Mutual Funds, IPOs, Bonds and stock trading. 3. Active Trader Account Active Trader account gives more personalized investment options to the investors. It allows investor to use online and offline stock trading. It also provides with independent market expertise and support through a dedicated Relationship Manager from ICICI. Active Trader also provides commodity trading. Brokerage and fees 1. Account opening fees : Rs 750/- (One time non-refundable) 2. Brokerage : ICICIDirect. com brokerage varies on volume of trade and inclusive of demat transaction charges, service taxes and courier charges for contract notes. It ranges from 0. 1% to 0. 15% for margin trades, 0. 2% to 0. 425% for squared off trades and 0. 4% to 0. 85% on delivery based trades. Advantages of ICICIDirect 1. 3-in-1 account integrates your banking, broking and demat accounts. All accounts are from ICICI and very well integrated. This feature makes ICICI the most interesting player in online trading facility. There is absolutely no manual interfere require. This is truly online trading environment. 2. Unlike most of the online trading companies in India which require transferring money to the broker's pool or towards deposits, at ICICIDirect you can manage your own demat and bank accounts through ICICIdirect. com. Money from selling stock is available in ICICI bank account as soon as the ICICIDirect receive it. 3. Investment online in IPOs, Mutual Funds, GOI Bonds, and Postal Savings Schemes all from one website. General Insurance is also available from ICICI Lombard. 4. Trading is available in both BSE and NSE. Disadvantages of ICICIDirect 1. Getting access to ICICIDirect. com website during market session can be frustrating. 2. ICICIDirect brokerage is high and not negotiable. 3. Not all stocks are available under Margin Plus. MOTILAL OSWAL SECURITIES: Incorporated in 1987, Motilal Oswal Securities Ltd is a well diversified financial services firm offering a range of financial products and services such as Wealth Management, Broking & Distribution, Commodity Broking, Portfolio Management Services, Institutional Equities, Private Equity, Investment Banking Services and Principal Strategies. Company have a diversified client base that includes retail customers (including High Net worth Individuals), mutual funds, foreign institutional investors, financial institutions and corporate clients. They are headquartered in Mumbai and as of September 30th, 2009, had a network spread over 576 cities and towns comprising 1,257 Business Locations operated by them. As at September 30th, 2009, company had 5,80,667 registered customers. Type of Account Most E-Broking MOSt E-Broking is complete online stock trading solution for Indiaian stock market. Following are the features of MOSt E-Broking account: o Easy single screen trader with instant trade confirmation similar to exchange based trading terminals. o Access to various online reports like margin report, Demat A/c details, trades executed, turnover report, net position report with mark to market profit/loss and realized profit. o Online transfer funds through HDFC Bank Awards 1. 2005, Asiamoney Brokers ranked MOSt the best Indian brokerage firm in India. 2. March 2006, AQ Research declared MOSt the best research house for Indian stocks. RELIGARE : Religare Enterprises Limited is Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited promoted financial product and service provider company. Religare provide its service in three different segments including Retail, Wealth management and the Institutional spectrum. Company offers wide range of services including equities, commodities, insurance broking, wealth advisory, portfolio management services, personal finance services, Investment banking and institutional broking services. Religare retail network has more than 900 locations in 300 cities and towns in India. Religare provides the online gateway to their investors so investor can trade online in Equities, Commodities, apply for IPOs, invest in Mutual Funds, and buy Insurance. Religare Securities Limited (RSL) is a subsidiary company of Religare Enterprises Ltd and involve in equity related services include online trading at BSE and NSE, Derivatives, commodities, IPO, Mutual fund, Investment banking and institutional broking services. People who wonder where Religare word came from, it's a Latin word meaning ‘to bind together'. Type of Account Religare offers its wide range of financial services though a sophisticated and customized trading platform – R-ACE (Religare Advanced Client Engine). Below are 3 flavors of R-ACE accounts available to the investors. 1. R-ACE (Basic) R-ACE (Religare Advanced Client Engine) the basic online trading account provided by Religare. Investor can trade and access their account information online and over the phone as well. This account comes with a browser based online trading platform and no additional software installation needed. 2. R-ACE Lite (Advanced) R-ACE Lite is the advanced trading platform for the investor of Religare. This trading account provides the entire feature of R-ACE (Basic) account. In addition it also provides real-time streaming stock quotes and alerts. This trading platform is also browser based and no software installation is needed. 3. R-ACE Pro (Professional) As the name indicates this account is for high volume traders. Along with the features from above 2 accounts, this account also comes with Trading Terminal software which needs to install on your computer. This terminal directly connects the investor to stock market and having all industry standard Treading terminal features including technical charting (intra-day and EOD), multiple watch list, advanced hot-key functions for faster trading, derivative chains, futures & options calculator etc. As in basic and advance account, trading is available online through internet and offline though phone. Brokerage and Account opening fees: Religare offers three kinds of accounts as above. Below are detail about fees and activation charges for each account: 1. R-ACE Account activation charges Rs. 299/-. Minimum margin of Rs. 5000/- required. 2. R-ACE Lite Account activation charges Rs. 499/-. Minimum margin of Rs. 5000/- required. 3. R-ACE Pro Account activation charges Rs. 999/-. Minimum margin of Rs. 10,000/- required. 4. Brokerage at Religare On the basis of volume and frequency of trading, Religare provide different options for brokerages. On the broader way they divided into three categories: o Classic Account Intraday brokerage varies from 0. 03% to 0. 05%. Delivery brokerage varies from 0. 30% to 0. 50%. Derivatives brokerage varies from 0. 3% to 0. 5%. o Classic Plus Fees: Rs 600 Validity Period 6 Months Intraday brokerage varies from 0. 03% to 0. 05%. Delivery brokerage varies from 0. 30% to 0. 50%. o Freedom Account In this payment plan, investor has to pay a fix amount in advance for Monthly (Rs 500), Quarterly (Rs. 1400), Half-yearly (Rs 2500) or Annual Subscription (Rs 4000). This one time payment enable account holder to trade for Rs. 3,00,000 intraday & derivative trading and Rs. 40,000 of delivery based trading for zero brokerage. o Trump Account Trump account has four payment options, Trump Plus, Trump Super, Trump Star and Trump Super Star plan. ? Trump Plus has annual subscription fees of Rs 2,500, Brokerage on Delivery Trades is 0. 25% and Brokerage on Intraday Trades & F Trades is 0. 025%. ? Trump Super has annual subscription fees of Rs. 15,000, Brokerage on Delivery Trades is 0. 15% and Brokerage on Intraday Trades & F Trades is 0. 015%. ? Trump Star has annual subscription fees of Rs. 50,000, Brokerage on Delivery Trades is 0. 10%, Brokerage on Intraday Trades is 0. 01% and Brokerage on Future Trades is 0. 08%. ? Trump Super Star has annual subscription fees of Rs. 1,00,000, Brokerage on Delivery Trades is 0. 10% and Brokerage on Intraday Trades & F Trades is 0. 005%. Advantages of Religare 1. Religare gives interest on unutilized cash when investor is waiting to make next trade or online investment. 2. They provide intraday reports and historical charting. 3. Varity of fee structure to fulfill need of different type of investors HDFC SECURITIES: HDFC Securities(HDFCsec) is Equity Trading Company of HDFC Bank. HDFC Securities provide both online trading and trading on phone. The HDFC Securities trading account has a unique 3-in-1 feature that integrates your HDFC Securities trading account with your existing HDFC bank savings account and existing Demat account. Funds / shares are seamlessly moved from the linked Demat/Bank account to execute the transactions. HDFCsec provides Cash-n-Carry on both NSE and BSE, Day trading on both NSE and BSE, Trade on Futures & Options on the NSE and Online IPO Investment. Features on HDFC Securities Online trading : 1. Seamless Transactions – By integrating your accounts, we ensure minimal waste of time during movement of your funds and shares. . Speed – Orders are placed electronically, so proceeds are available instantly. 3. No manipulation – To prevent any mismanagement, we will send you an email confirmation, the minute your order is executed. 4. Safety and Security – HDFC Securities offer the highest level of security such as 128-bit encryption technology. 5. Dedicated and Separate contac t numbers – for trading over the phone as well as for customer care. RELIANCE MONEY: Reliance Money, A Reliance Capital Limited Company, is the financial services division of Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani (ADA) Group. Reliance ADA group is among top 3 business houses in India with wide range of presence across various sectors. Group’s major interests ranges from communications (Reliance Communications) and financial services (Reliance Capital Ltd), to generation, transmission and distribution of power (Reliance Energy), infrastructure and entertainment. Reliance Money has over 22 lakhs customers and more then 10'000 branches in around 5000 cities in India. Company is among the largest broking and distribution house of financial products and having share of more then 3% of total stock market volume at BSE & NSE. RelianceMoney. com is the web based investment portal (with Online Stock Trading) from Reliance Money. This website enables its customer to invest & manage most of the services provided by Reliance Money including Equity (Stock) Trading, Commodity Trading, Derivatives, Mutual Fund Investment, IPO Investment, Life Insurances, General insurances, Money Transfer, Forex exchange, Gold Coins and Credit Cards Services. Company recently entered in to Wealth Management with tools like investment in equity-linked portfolio management services, structured products, insurance and mutual funds. The Reliance Money stock trading websites uses special security features ‘Security Token', which makes your online trading experience more secure without complexity. Stock Trading through RelianceMoney. com is available for BSE and NSE stock exchanges. Offline trading is also available through Reliance Money partners in more then 5000 city across India and through phone by dialing 022-39886000. Investment Options The investment options available with Reliance Money online portal are as below: 1. Equity (Stock) Trading at BSE, NSE and NSE F&O 2. IPO Investment 3. Derivatives Trading 4. Forex Trading 5. Commodity Trading(Gold, Silver, Crude etc†¦. ) at MCX, NCDEX and NMCE (FAQ's) 6. Mutual Fund Investment 7. Life & General Insurance 8. ‘Pure Swiss' Gold Coins (99. 99% pure, 24 carat) Trading Platforms Reliance Money provides 3 different trading platforms for equity trading: 1. Insta Trade 2. Fast Trade 3. Easytrade Reliance Money Technical Analysis (A paid service) Relance Money offers a simplified, automated, sophisticated technical analysis to Indian retail broking consumers with the help of Recognia's Technical Analysis tools. Recognia, a Canada based company, has proprietary pattern recognition technology capable of recognizing patterns in the price charts of any publicly traded financial instrument including stocks, bonds, funds, commodities, currencies and indexes. The technical services are available for introductory free 7-day trail period to Reliance Money users. Post the trail period, this service is available to users at a nominal subscription of Rs. 99 for 3 months/ Rs. 179 for 6 months/ Rs. 299 for a year, i. e. , less than Re 1 a day. Reliance Money Brokerage and fees: Reliance Money offers lowest brokerage rates in today's online stock trading industry in India. The brokerages are as low as 0. 075% for delivery based trading and 0. 02 for now delivery. For more detail about Reliance Money’s brokerage and fees visit the below section of this webpage. Reliance Money Demat Account Charges: |Fee Head |DP Charges | |Annual Services Charges – For Individuals / HUFs / Trust |Rs. 0/- | |Annual Services Charges – For NRIs / Foreign Nationals, Corporates / Others |Rs. 1000/- | |Transaction Charges – SELL (Market & Off Market) |Rs. 25/- | |For instructions given in physical form. | | |Transaction Charges – SELL (Market & Off Market) |Rs. 12/- | |For instructions received through Internet/ online trading through Reliance Securities Ltd. | Advantages of Reliance Money 1. Extra security features with ‘Security Token†, which is the most secure and tested technology in computer world. 2. Simple, easy and fast onlin e stock trading. 3. Almost all investment options are available under one account including Equity Trading, Derivatives, Forex, Commodity, IPO, Mutual Funds and Insurance. 4. Branches are available in all major cities and the number is growing. METHODOLOGY OF STUDY Research can be defined as a systemized effort to gain new knowledge. A research is carried out by different methodologies which have their own pros and cons. Research methodology is a way to solve research in study and solving research problems along with logic behind them are defined through research methodology. Thus while talking about research methodologies we are not only talking of research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods. We are in context of our research studies and explain why it is being used a particular method or technique and why the others are not used. So that research result is capable of being evaluated either by researcher himself or by others. Research Methodology: Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Research methodology is a way to systematically analyze the research problem. Sampling Methods: A sample is the representative of the population which will predict the behavior of the whole universe While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study the researcher should keep two types of data. . Primary Data. 2. Secondary Data. We use in our research secondary data. Primary means collected a fresh, and the first time data and secondary means which are already available like annual report, magazines etc. Limitations: Every work has its own limitations. Limitations are extent to which the process should not exceed. The following limitations for the project are: ? Data taken was secondary ? A time constraint has also become a maj or limitation ? Complete data was not available due to company privacy and secrecy Objectives of Study: Understand basics of Online Stock Market Trading in India. ? Provide detail about popular online stock trading companies in India. ? Compare and discuss about stock trading websites, their products and services ? To study the awareness of people towards online trading & demat account. ? To study customer satisfaction towards operating expenses of online trading. ? To study the client’s satisfaction towards network security & security of their money. CONCLUSION ? The brokerage rates of A. G. Shares and Securities are maximum, i. . 9 paisa intraday and 90 paisa delivery while brokerage rates of Reliance Money are minimum, i. e. 2 paisa intraday and 7. 5 paisa delivery rate. ? The account opening charges for Indiabulls is maximum while it is nil at India Infoline, Sharekhan and HDFC Securities. ? The AMC at India bulls and Sharekhan are Nil while maximum in Religare Rs 1200 p. aOn the basis of our analysis Reliance Money is the best online trading account because it charges minimum brokerage rates and less annual maintenance charges ? Branches are available in all major cities and the number is growing ? It is very difficult to find out the best online trading account but in a web survey ICICIDirect was founded the best online trading account. ? Second no. was given to India infoline REFERENCE 1) http://www. chittorgarh. com/newportal/online-stock-brokers-list. asp 2) www. indiainfoline. com 3) www. 5paisa. com 4) www. sharekhan. com 5) www. indiabulls. com 6) www. agssl. com 7) www. karvy. com 8) www. wikipedia. com [pic]